https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2025-03/Q4 2024 Avient Webcast Slides w Non-GAAP.pdf
Full-year 2024 highlights
► 4% organic revenue growth for Avient;
3% for CAI and 6% for SEM
► Adjusted EBITDA margin expanded 20 bps for Avient;
90 bps for CAI and 110 bps for SEM
► New strategy in execution
Leadership team strengthened with a new CTO, CIO, General
Counsel, SVP (New business development & marketing) in place
► New compensation plan rolled out in January 2025,
in direct alignment with the strategy
► 2024 was our safest year on record
► Increased dividend 5% to $1.08 on an annualized basis;
14th consecutive increase
FY 2024
FULL YEAR 2024 VS.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2025-02/Hammerhead FR Panel eBook.pdf
According to a
McKinsey & Company report, modular projects:
• have established a solid track record of accelerating project timelines by
20 to 50%
• can deliver over 20% in construction cost savings when optimized for scale
In a survey conducted by Prefab Modular Smart Market Report (2020):
• 91% of contractors reported improved budget performance when using
modular techniques
• 68% of these indicated savings of 5% or higher
• respondents indicated reductions in project durations of 20 to 50%
Another factor—the well-publicized shortage of available and affordable housing
stock—is also contributing to the rise of modular construction, particularly in
urban areas with high demand and limited space.
https://www.avient.com/knowledge-base/article/injection-molding-mold-design
The efficiency of the design may be verified by recording the time it takes to make a complete color change while producing parts.
https://www.avient.com/knowledge-base/article/thermoplastic-elastomer-tpe-faqs
The material is stretched and the amount of force at which the test bar tears completely is recorded.
https://www.avient.com/investor-center/news/avient-announces-first-quarter-2023-results
A recording of the webcast and the slide presentation will be available at avient.com/investors/events-presentations immediately following the conference call and will be accessible for one year.
https://www.avient.com/knowledge-base/article/whats-difference-tpes-vs-silicones
LSR has a long-standing track record of use in the medical industry.
https://www.avient.com/products/polymer-additives/laser-marking-additives
We have a track record of successfully developing laser marking solutions for a wide variety of applications, materials, and processes.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/resources/PolyOne%2520Investor%2520Presentation%2520Longbow%2520Basic%2520Materials%2520Conference%2520-%2520March%25202016.pdf
Addressable market exceeds $40 billion
Strong performance demonstrates that our strategy and execution
are working
Megatrends and emerging opportunities align with our strengths
Innovation and services provide differentiation, incremental pricing
power, and competitive advantage
Strong and proven management team driving growth and
performance
PolyOne Corporation Page 21
Appendix
PolyOne Corporation Page 22
Recent Acquisitions
Kraton TPE Assets Magenta Master Fibers
February 2016 – Acquired Kraton’s thermoplastic
elastomer (TPE) assets
Serve personal care, medical, packaging (protective
film) and electronics applications
Purchase price of $72 million represents a multiple
of 9x EBITDA
Adds $35 million in annual revenue and $0.03
accretive to 2016 adjusted EPS
Expands GLS presence in consumer, healthcare,
transportation, and packaging end markets
December 2015 – Acquired Magenta Master Fibers,
an innovative developer of specialty color
concentrates for the global fiber industry
Purchase price of $22 million represents a multiple
of 6.8x EBITDA
Adds $16 million in annual revenue and $0.01
accretive to 2016 adjusted EPS
Broadens portfolio of colorant and additives
technologies for fiber applications and extends
existing reach into strategic end markets such as
transportation and consumer goods
Medical
Baby Care Electronics
Food Packaging
Automotive Textiles Home Textiles
Clothing Outdoor
PolyOne Corporation Page 23
$0.82
$1.00
$1.31
$1.80 $1.96
$0.00
$0.75
$1.50
$2.25
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Adjusted EPS
2015 Full Year Financial Highlights
Color Additives & Inks operating
margin reached record level
of 16.7%
Specialty Engineered Materials
operating margin grew 260 basis
points year-over-year to 14.7%
Adjusted EPS has grown on average
24% per year since 2011
$50
$75
$104
$125 $135
$0
$40
$80
$120
$160
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
CAI Operating Profit
$46 $47
$57
$72
$80
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
SEM Operating Profit
Note: $ in millions, except per share data
PolyOne Corporation Page 24
1.7%
4.6% 5.1% 5.5%
7.2% 8.1%
9.7%
12.2%
16.7%
20%+
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020
Operating Income % of Sales
At a Glance
Color, Additives and Inks
2015 Revenues: $0.8 Billion Solutions
Expanding Profits 2015 Revenue by Industry Segment
14.7%
Platinum
Vision
48%
33%
Building &
Electrical &
1%
31%
Textiles
PolyOne Corporation Page 25
1.1% 1.3%
3.4%
5.1%
9.6%
8.0% 8.6% 9.3%
14.7%
20%+
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020
Operating Income % of Sales
At a Glance
Specialty Engineered Materials
2015 Revenues: $0.5 Billion Solutions
2015 Revenue by Industry Segment Expanding Profits
Platinum
Vision
12.1%
49%
29%
Building &
Electrical &
19%
15%
PolyOne Corporation Page 26
1.4%
5.6%
7.3%
3.0%
12-14%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2020
Operating Income % of Sales
At a Glance
Designed Structures and Solutions
Solutions 2015 Revenues: $0.5 Billion
Expanding Profits 2015 Revenue by Industry Segment
Platinum
Vision
Appliances,
Building &
Construction
Industrial
24%
Packaging
19%
Transportation
33%
97%
PolyOne Corporation Page 27
Building &
31%
Electrical &
1%
5% Transportation
19% Wire & Cable
5.5%
6.9%
3.8% 3.6%
5.5%
4.3%
6.3%
7.2%
8.3%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020
Operating Income % of Sales
At a Glance
Performance Products and Solutions
Solutions
Expanding Profits
2015 Revenues: $0.7 Billion
10-12%
Platinum
Vision
2015 Revenue by Industry Segment
7.7%
79%
PolyOne Corporation Page 28
2.6%
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
4.6%
5.6%
6.4% 5.9%
6.6% 6.5-7.5%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020
Operating Income % of Sales
15%
53%
2006 Q4 2015
At a Glance
Distribution
Key Suppliers 2015 Revenues: $1.0 Billion
ROIC Expanding Profits
6.1%
Platinum
Vision
Building &
4%Consumer
Electrical &
23%
24%
http://www.polyone.com/Pages/VariationRoot.aspx
PolyOne Corporation Page 29
2 lbs Plastic
=
3 lbs aluminum
or
8 lbs steel
or
27 lbs glass
33% less material by weight
than aluminum
75% less material by weight
than steel
93% less material by weight
than glass
Requires 91% less energy to
recycle a pound of plastic versus
a pound of paper
Source: SPI: Sustainability and the Plastics Industry
Plastics: Key to Future Sustainable Development
PolyOne Corporation Page 30
Application Examples
PolyOne Corporation Page 31
Outdoor Applications
• Leading provider of high performance
specialty materials for the recreational
and sports & leisure industry
• Well positioned across all segments to
address market needs
Metal to Polymer Conversion
Lightweighting
Thermal Management
Impact Performance
Source: Outdoor Industry Association
PolyOne Corporation Page 32
$1.5 billion attractive, growing market
Additives improve performance and reduce cost
through light-weighting, reduced waste, faster
cycle times, and extended shelf life of finished
product
Aligned with megatrend of protecting the
environment:
Sustainability benefits include lower
package weight and improved recyclability
of package at end of use
Market Opportunity
Leading Global Supplier of Additives In Growing PET Market
Shelf-life extension
Greater product
consistency
Recyclability and
reduced carbon
footprint
Color and Special
Effects
Weight reduction
Enhanced product
aesthetics
High heat resistance
PET Bottling Technology
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
2009 2014 2019
Asia Pacific North America
Latin America Western Europe
Eastern Europe Middle East and Africa
Global PET Packaging Growth 2009-2019
Source: Euromonitor retail off-trade consumption (PET bottles & jars, home care, personal care,
food & non-alcoholic beverages)
B
ill
io
n
un
its
5% CAGR
PolyOne Corporation Page 33
• Includes formulation and
consultative services to assist
manufacturers and brand owners in
positively identifying their finished
goods
• Protects brand equity & consumer
welfare
• Reduces exposure to unwarranted
recall expenses
• Secures supply chain integrity –
support for safe expansion into new
geographies
Authentication Technology
PolyOne Corporation Page 34
Metal Replacement Solutions
• Replaces metal in LED lighting
• Extends LED durability and life
span eliminating hot spots
• Greater design flexibility with
fewer parts
• Weight reduction
• Simplifies manufacturing and
lowers total production cost
PolyOne Corporation Page 35
• Color harmonization across
15 unique color-and-polymer
combinations
• Eliminated need for multiple pre-
colored materials
• Reduced Land Rover’s working
capital
Range Rover Evoque Interior
PolyOne Corporation Page 36
• Reduced health and
environmental impact
• System cost reduction
• Radiation-shielding
performance
• Parts consolidation
• Design freedom
CT Scanner
PolyOne Corporation Page 37
High-Barrier Packaging Containers
• Capability to extrude up to 13
layers
• Strong oxygen and moisture
vapor transmission protection
• Can be made symmetrical or
asymmetrical to meet
customized needs of broad
variety of applications
• Barrier protection and superior
sensory properties
PolyOne Corporation Page 38
Aerospace Applications
• Leading provider of specialty materials
for the aerospace industry
• Typical applications
Mil-spec aircraft windows, canopies,
windscreens, instrument panels,
wingtip lenses
Interior – gallery furnishings, tray
tables, arm rests, trim strips, joint/edge
coverings
• Benefits:
High impact strength
Resistant to UV rays
Flame and smoke compliance
Easy to clean with aggressive cleaners;
anti-microbial grades available
Range of sizes, thicknesses, colors, etc.
1
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures (Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Below is a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable measures calculated and presented in accordance with U.S.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/resources/PolyOne%2520IR%2520Presentation%2520-%2520RW%2520Baird%25202015%2520Industrial%2520Conference%2520-%2520November%25202015.pdf
Addressable market exceeds $40 billion
Strong performance demonstrates that our strategy and execution
are working
Megatrends and emerging opportunities align with our strengths
Innovation and services provide differentiation, incremental pricing
power, and competitive advantage
Strong and proven management team driving growth and
performance
PolyOne Corporation Page 17
Appendix
PolyOne Corporation Page 18
$0.20
$0.28
$0.36
$0.49 $0.54
$0.00
$0.15
$0.30
$0.45
$0.60
Q3'11 Q3'12 Q3'13 Q3'14 Q3'15
Adjusted EPS
Q3 2015 Financial Highlights
Color Additives & Inks operating
margin reaches record third quarter
level of 17.3%
Specialty Engineered Materials
operating margin grew 210 basis
points year-over-year to 14.7%
Third quarter adjusted EPS has
grown on average 28% per year
since 2011
$13
$19
$29 $30
$35
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
Q3'11 Q3'12 Q3'13 Q3'14 Q3'15
GCAI Operating Profit
$11
$13
$15
$18
$20
$10
$14
$18
$22
Q3'11 Q3'12 Q3'13 Q3'14 Q3'15
GSEM Operating Profit
Note: $ in millions, except per share data
PolyOne Corporation Page 19
Building &
7%
Electrical &
1%
31% Textiles
7%
12% 1.7%
4.6% 5.1% 5.5%
7.2% 8.1%
9.7%
12.2%
17.2%
20%+
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 YTD
2015
2020
Operating Income % of Sales
At a Glance
Global Color, Additives and Inks
2014 Revenues: $0.9 Billion Solutions
Expanding Profits 2014 Revenue by Industry Segment
14.7%
Platinum
Vision
44%
36%
PolyOne Corporation Page 20
4% Building &
18%
Electrical &
16%
At a Glance
Global Specialty Engineered Materials
2014 Revenues: $0.6 Billion Solutions
2014 Revenue by Industry Segment Expanding Profits
1.1% 1.3%
3.4%
5.1%
9.6%
8.0% 8.6% 9.3%
15.1%
20%+
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 YTD
2015
2020
Operating Income % of Sales
Platinum
Vision
12.1%
44%
33%
19%
PolyOne Corporation Page 21
2% Building &
23%
27%
30%
96%
At a Glance
Designed Structures and Solutions
Solutions 2014 Revenues: $0.6 Billion
Expanding Profits 2014 Revenue by Industry Segment
1.4%
5.6%
7.3%
3.5%
12-14%
2012 2013 2014 YTD 2015 2020
Operating Income % of Sales
Platinum
Vision
PolyOne Corporation Page 22
Building &
33%
5% Electrical &
1%
11%
18%
16%
5.5%
6.9%
3.8% 3.6%
5.5%
4.3%
6.3%
7.2%
8.1%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 YTD
2015
2020
Operating Income % of Sales
At a Glance
Performance Products and Solutions
Solutions
Expanding Profits
2014 Revenues: $0.8 Billion
10-12%
Platinum
Vision
2014 Revenue by Industry Segment
7.7%
PolyOne Corporation Page 23
Building &
13%
Electrical &
23%
15%
25%
2.6%
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
4.6%
5.6%
6.4% 5.9%
6.6% 6.5-7.5%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 YTD
2015
2020
Operating Income % of Sales
15%
52%
2006 Q3 2015
At a Glance
Distribution
Key Suppliers 2014 Revenues: $1.1 Billion
ROIC Expanding Profits
6.1%
Platinum
Vision
http://www.polyone.com/Pages/VariationRoot.aspx
PolyOne Corporation Page 24
2 lbs Plastic
=
3 lbs aluminum
or
8 lbs steel
or
27 lbs glass
33% less material by weight
than aluminum
75% less material by weight
than steel
93% less material by weight
than glass
Requires 91% less energy to
recycle a pound of plastic versus
a pound of paper
Source: SPI: Sustainability and the Plastics Industry
Plastics: Key to Future Sustainable Development
PolyOne Corporation Page 25
Commitment to Operational Excellence
81%
93%
2006 2014
16.2%
9.9%
2006 2014
On-Time Delivery
Working Capital % of Sales
5%
43%
2006 2014
Percent of Associates Trained in LSS
Five consecutive years – CFO Magazine
Best Working Capital Management in the
chemical industry
World’s Best Business
Process Excellence
Program in 2012*
113 trained Black Belts
235 trained Green Belts
151 trained Kaizen Leaders
World’s Best Start-up
Program for Lean Six Sigma
Deployment in 2009*
*Both awards received from International Quality and Productivity Center
PolyOne Corporation Page 26
Application Examples
PolyOne Corporation Page 27
Outdoor Applications
• Leading provider of high performance
specialty materials for the recreational
and sports & leisure industry
• Well positioned across all segments to
address market needs
Metal to Polymer Conversion
Lightweighting
Thermal Management
Impact Performance
Source: Outdoor Industry Association
PolyOne Corporation Page 28
$1.5 billion attractive, growing market
Additives improve performance and reduce cost
through light-weighting, reduced waste, faster
cycle times, and extended shelf life of finished
product
Aligned with megatrend of protecting the
environment:
Sustainability benefits include lower
package weight and improved recyclability
of package at end of use
Market Opportunity
Leading Global Supplier of Additives In Growing PET Market
Shelf-life extension
Greater product
consistency
Recyclability and
reduced carbon
footprint
Color and Special
Effects
Weight reduction
Enhanced product
aesthetics
High heat resistance
PET Bottling Technology
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
2009 2014 2019
Asia Pacific North America
Latin America Western Europe
Eastern Europe Middle East and Africa
Global PET Packaging Growth 2009-2019
Source: Euromonitor retail off-trade consumption (PET bottles & jars, home care, personal care,
food & non-alcoholic beverages)
B
ill
io
n
un
its
5% CAGR
PolyOne Corporation Page 29
• Includes formulation and
consultative services to assist
manufacturers and brand owners in
positively identifying their finished
goods
• Protects brand equity & consumer
welfare
• Reduces exposure to unwarranted
recall expenses
• Secures supply chain integrity –
support for safe expansion into new
geographies
Authentication Technology
PolyOne Corporation Page 30
• Color harmonization across
15 unique color-and-polymer
combinations
• Eliminated need for multiple pre-
colored materials
• Reduced Land Rover’s working
capital
2015 Range Rover Evoque Interior
PolyOne Corporation Page 31
• Reduced health and
environmental impact
• System cost reduction
• Radiation-shielding
performance
• Parts consolidation
• Design freedom
CT Scanner
PolyOne Corporation Page 32
Metal Replacement Solutions
• Replaces metal in LED lighting
• Extends LED durability and life
span eliminating hot spots
• Greater design flexibility with
fewer parts
• Weight reduction
• Simplifies manufacturing and
lowers total production cost
PolyOne Corporation Page 33
High-Barrier Packaging Containers
• Capability to extrude up to 13
layers
• Strong oxygen and moisture
vapor transmission protection
• Can be made symmetrical or
asymmetrical to meet
customized needs of broad
variety of applications
• Barrier protection and superior
sensory properties
PolyOne Corporation Page 34
Aerospace Applications
• Leading provider of specialty materials
for the aerospace industry
• Typical applications
Mil-spec aircraft windows, canopies,
windscreens, instrument panels,
wingtip lenses
Interior – gallery furnishings, tray
tables, arm rests, trim strips, joint/edge
coverings
• Benefits:
High impact strength
Resistant to UV rays
Flame and smoke compliance
Easy to clean with aggressive cleaners;
anti-microbial grades available
Range of sizes, thicknesses, colors, etc.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/resources/PolyOne%2520IR%2520Presentation%2520-%2520Seaport%2520Global%2520Transports%2520%2526%2520Industrials%2520Confer....pdf
T H E N E W P O L Y O N E : A S P E C I A L T Y G R O W T H C O M P A N Y
Growing leadership position in attractive markets
Innovation, technology and service are differentiators
Capital management is a strength: Record-setting cash generation
to continue for years
Expand ROIC while increasing invested capital
Proven acquisition strategy with robust pipeline
Commercial investments are fueling momentum and generating
organic growth
SEGMENT
HIGHLIGHTS
PolyOne Corporation 17
C O L O R , A D D I T I V E S & I N K S
PolyOne Corporation 18
Solid
Colorants
Performance
Additives
Screen
Printing Inks
Liquid
Colorants
27%
14%
Textiles
Building &
Electrical &
Operating Income & MarginRevenue by Region
C O L O R , A D D I T I V E S & I N K S
2 0 1 7 R E V E N U E | $ 8 9 3 M I L L I O N
$4
$25
$104
$139
0.9%
5.5%
12.2%
15.5%
16.0%
18.0%
100
110
120
130
140
150
PolyOne Corporation 19
32%
46%
1%
Mexico
Brazil
S P E C I A L T Y E N G I N E E R E D M A T E R I A L S
PolyOne Corporation 20
Engineered
Formulations
Advanced
Composites
Thermoplastic
Elastomers
20%
19%
Electrical &
13%
Building &
S P E C I A L T Y E N G I N E E R E D M A T E R I A L S
Revenue by Region Operating Income & Margin
2 0 1 7 R E V E N U E | $ 6 2 4 M I L L I O N
PolyOne Corporation 21
$21
$57
$78
0.1%
5.1%
9.3%
12.5%
28%
48%
22%
P E R F O R M A N C E P R O D U C T S & S O L U T I O N S
PolyOne Corporation 22
Specialty Vinyl
Solutions
Healthcare
Formulations
Smart Device
Materials
Flame Retardant
Polymers
Building &
30%
15%Appliance
Electrical &
1%
Mexico
77%
Latin
America
P E R F O R M A N C E P R O D U C T S & S O L U T I O N S
Operating Income & MarginRevenue by Region
2 0 1 7 R E V E N U E | $ 7 2 1 M I L L I O N
$40
$33
$56
$77
4.6%
3.6%
7.2%
10.7%
16.0%
0
100
PolyOne Corporation 23
D I S T R I B U T I O N
E N D M A R K E T S & S U P P L I E R S
PolyOne Corporation 24
23% Healthcare
22%
Electrical &
Building &
$20
$25
$63
$73
2.9%
5.9%
6.3%
1.0%
3.0%
5.0%
7.0%
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
Operating Income & Margin
2017 Revenue | $1.2 Billion
http://www.polyone.com/Pages/VariationRoot.aspx
http://www.polyone.com/Pages/VariationRoot.aspx
T A R G E T E N D M A R K E T S &
A P P L I C A T I O N E X A M P L E S
PolyOne Corporation 25
Thermally Conductive
Chemical Resistant
Polymer Colorants
Elastomeric Grips and
Handles
Structural Composites
Antimicrobial Technologies
Anti-Counterfeiting
Target End Markets… Healthcare
Catheter Technologies
Under-hood Components
Target End Markets… Automotive
Interior Structural
Sound & Vibration
Management
Roof Systems
Air Management
Electronics and Cameras
Lighting
Exterior / Interior Trim
Braces & Brackets
Fasteners
Seals & Flaps
Target End Markets… Consumer
Thermally Conductive
Polymer Colorants
Elastomeric Grips and
Handles
Structural Composite
Oxygen Scavenger
Laser Marking Additives
Antistatic Technologies
UV Light Barrier Technologies
Cap & Closure Colorants
Process Optimization
Antioxidant Technologies
Density Modified
Target End Markets… Packaging
Impart weight, sound and
metallic finish to caps and
closures for cosmetics and
spirits applications
Elevate quality and
prestige perceptions
among high-end
consumers
Eliminate time and cost
associated with secondary
operations and assembly
Luxury Packaging
GravitechTM Density Modified Polymers
Eliminate costs by
increasing pigment density
Enhance color
performance without
altering form and
formulation
Increase design
capabilities by reducing
weight and layer thickness
Optimize Color Usage
OnColorTM Super Concentrates
Inhibit microbial growth
on polymer surfaces
Enhance value or products
and devices
Highly versatile
concentrate with the
ability to be incorporated
into a wide variety of
products
Combat Bacteria Formation
WithStandTM Antimicrobial Technology
Durable, long-lasting products
stand up to the most aggressive
disinfectants
Minimize environmental stress
cracking and discoloration
One of the broadest medically
approved polymer and colorant
portfolios
Medical Device Housings
Chemically Resistant Engineered Polymers
Color & Design Services
Greater control of color
development and supply chain
Work across entire design
process from concept to
commercialization
Inspire creativity in the use of
polymer materials, colors, and
effects
Innovative brand differentiation
Faster development timelines
Outdoor Applications
Leading provider of high
performance specialty materials
for the recreational and sports &
leisure industry
Well positioned across all
segments to address market
needs
Metal to Polymer Conversion
Lightweighting
Thermal Management
Impact Performance
ColorMatrix Fiber Colorant
Solutions
Proprietary advanced liquid color
formulations and equipment
enable greater efficiency and
productivity
Eliminates aqueous dyeing and its
associated wastewater treatment
Solid Color Concentrates
Extrusion-spun fibers colored via
solid masterbatch
Fiber Colorants
High flame retardancy to
meet strict UL standards
Greater processing and
design flexibility
Specialized additives
provide long term color
stability
Diffusive lens materials
improve light dispersion
Smart Home Devices
ResilienceTM Vinyl Solutions
1
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures (Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Senior management uses comparisons of adjusted net income from continuing operations attributable to PolyOne common shareholders, adjusted earnings per share (EPS)
attributable to PolyOne common shareholders and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) to assess performance and allocate resources
because senior management believes that these measures are useful in understanding current profitability levels and that current levels may serve as a base for future performance.