https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2025-06/NEUSoft-Catheter-case study snapshot.pdf
MEDICAL DEVICE MANUFACTURER G U I D I N G C A T H E T E R • Ultra-soft hardness of about Shore 50A • Excellent extrusion performance, achieving a thickness of about 0.1 mm • Smooth surface • Certification for biocompatibility • Delivered an ultra-soft TPU that has good elasticity, abrasion, and tear resistance • Complied with ISO 10993 biocompatible properties • Offered onsite service to support rapid extrusion performance for the customer NEUSoft Thermoplastic Polyurethanes KEY REQUIREMENTS WHY AVIENT?
All Rights Reserved. https://www.avient.com/products/vivo-formulations-healthcare/neusoft-thermoplastic-polyurethanes Slide 1: Medical device Manufacturer
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2022-05/Glucose Monitoring App Snapshot.pdf
Glucose Monitoring App Snapshot draft MEDICAL DEVICE OEM C O N T I N U O U S G L U C O S E M O N I T O R I N G S Y S T E M • Adapt to strict processing requirements of a secondary operation put in place to manufacture a new device model • Meet material size and thickness requirements while achieving desired color target • Overcome material unpredictability and sensitivity to heat, light and moisture • Minimize impact of supply chain instability and changes • Offered support for processing under low pressure conditions and at every stage of manufacturing • Performed extensive R&D work to consistently deliver the customer’s color target of a hard-to-achieve light gray • Effectively addressed all material challenges and sensitivities • Provided regular ‘summaries of understanding’ to keep up with changing forecasts and ordering patterns Mevopur™ Pre-color Formulation KEY REQUIREMENTS WHY AVIENT?
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2024-07/TPE Whitepaper_0.pdf
You may recognize the two healthcare megatrends that are driving global demand for pharmaceutical packaging, medical devices and drug delivery devices: economic gains in developing nations and an aging global population that requires treatment for chronic conditions.
Ergonomic Enhancements TPE soft grips can also optimize medical practitioners’ control of surgical instruments during procedures and protect expensive handheld diagnostic devices.
Pharmaceutical and medical device companies like yours are looking for new strategies to improve operational efficiencies so you can meet current requirements and scale up for the future.
https://www.avient.com/news/medtec-china-2024-avient-announces-healthcare-tpu-manufacturing-expansion
Additionally, Avient’s ISO 13485 manufacturing site in Singapore for its Mevopur™ formulations recently achieved ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation for Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices–Part 5: Tests for In-Vitro Cytotoxicity.
Cesa™ Low Retention Additives for Healthcare: formulations that can repel water and other liquids that deliver the last drop out of a package or devices such as pipette tips to change surface retention performance and enable fast evacuation.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2023-07/TPEs for Healthcare Industry Bulletin.pdf
Common healthcare applications include medical tubing, gaskets and stoppers, bags, bottles and films, grips, handles and medical devices.
Values reported as “typical” or stated without a range do not state minimum or maximum properties; consult your sales representative for property ranges and min/max specifications.
Processing conditions can cause material properties to shift from the values stated in the information.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2021-02/2021-medical-devices-selection-guide.pdf
RIGID COMPONENTS: DIAGNOSTIC, IMAGING, LIFE SUPPORT, LABORATORY, & MONITORING EQUIPMENT (housings & covers, monitor bezels, body panels, handles, battery enclosures, access panels, wands, coils) Rigid Component Solution Needs: Materials compliant with ISO 10993 & USP Class VI, if required UL approved resins to meet flammability requirements Housings with toughness & good impact resistance Enclosures & components that withstand repeated cleanings High-flow materials for components with complex designs Copolyester, Polyester & PC/Polyester Blends Copolyester Eastman Tritan™ (Copolyester) High chemical resistance to a wide variety of hospital disinfectants; excellent toughness and impact resistance after disinfection; retains color and gloss after sterilization and disinfection; does not contain BPA, BPS or halogens Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) DuPont™ Crastin® & Rynite® (FR- PBT) 30% glass reinforced; flame retardant; good mold flow and electrical properties; high strength, stiffness, dimensional stability and heat resistance Polycarbonate/ Polyester (PC/PET) & Polycarbonate/ Polybutylene Terephthalate (PC/PBT) Covestro Makroblend® (FR-PC/PET) & (FR-PC/PBT) Strength; toughness; chemical resistance; flame retardant Covestro Makroblend® (Non-FR PC/PBT) Strength; toughness; chemical resistance; limited biocompatibility Trinseo EMERGE™ (FR-PC/PET) Chemical resistance; ignition resistance; limited biocompatibility PA, PVC, PC & PMMA Polyamide (Nylon, PA) Avient Trilliant™ XR Radiation Shielding (PA) Radiation shielding; green alternative for lead replacement; enhanced design freedom vs. lead; available in hard and soft durometers Arkema Rilsan® MED (PA11) & Rilsamid® MED (PA12) Chemical resistance; transparent and opaque; easy processing; creep resistance; temperature resistance; BPA-free; sterilizable by gamma, EtO and steam Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) GEON Performance Solutions Resilience™ HC (PVC) Excellent chemical resistance; good strength and stiffness; very good surface quality; inherently flame resistant; available in all medical colors; excellent solvent bonding to PVC Polycarbonate (PC) Trinseo EMERGE™ (PC) Ignition resistant; transparent and opaque; glass-filled also available PolyMethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Altuglas Plexiglas® Acrylics (PMMA) Clarity; easy processing; chemical resistance; BPA free; ideal for light piping and lenses Styrenics & FR-PC/ABS Blends Styrenics Trinseo MAGNUM™ (ABS) Opaque; custom colors; excellent impact and flow; low residuals; full biocompatibility INEOS Styrolution Terlux® HD (MABS) Good clarity; good heat and overall chemical resistance; good impact strength; good solvent bonding to PVC; outstanding surface quality INEOS Styrolution Lustran® & Novodur® HD (ABS) Opaque appearance; outstanding chemical resistance; high impact strength; excellent balance of properties; ease of processability; bondable FR- Polycarbonate/ ABS (FR-PC/ABS) Covestro Bayblend® (FR-PC/ABS) Flame retardant; good impact resistance; dimensional stability; toughness Trinseo EMERGE™ (FR-PC/ABS) Ignition resistant; limited biocompatibility; high flow; easy processing; glass-filled also available Flexible Component Solution Needs: Comfortable handles & grips Water-tight seals Durable feet or casters Durable keypads Flow control TPE, TPC-ET, TPU, TPV & Flexible PVC Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) Avient Versaflex™ HC Overmolding Series (TPE) Proven healthcare solutions with hardness ranges 42–65 Shore A; autoclave, radiation and EtO sterilizable; bondable to many substrates; customizable haptics Arkema Pebax® MED (TPE) Sterilizable by gamma and EtO; low energy return; soft touch; chemical resistance; overmolding material Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomers (TPC-ET) DuPont™ Hytrel® (TPC-ET) Wide range of flexibility, stiffness, and processing options; Shore D between 30-82; BPA-free; excellent flex fatigue and toughness; low temperature flexibility; good chemical resistance Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Covestro Texin® (TPU) Biocompatible; soft touch; sterilizable; good chemical resistance; overmold for grips and handles; excellent bonding to polar substrates like PC; 70A to 95A Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Avient Versalloy™ (TPV) Proven healthcare solutions with hardness ranges 45–90 Shore A; autoclave, radiation and EtO sterilizable; natural and colorable; smooth texture; bonds to PP Exxon Mobil Santoprene™ (TPV) Durable sealing performance; elastic recovery; excellent chemical resistance; compliance with medical standards Flexible Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) GEON Performance Solutions Geon™ Flexible PVC Engineered exclusively for the healthcare market; transparent and opaque colors; radiopaque grades available; durometer ranges from 55A to 40D; gamma and EtO sterilizable Thermoset Silicone Elastomers Thermoset Silicone Elastomers/ Liquid Silicone Rubber DuPont™ Liveo™ Silicone Elastomers (LSR) Biocompatible; non-irritating and non-sensitization; sterilizable; made without plasticizers, phthalates or latex FLEXIBLE COMPONENTS: DIAGNOSTIC, IMAGING, LIFE SUPPORT, LABORATORY, MONITORING EQUIPMENT (o-rings, gaskets, wheels, soft touch grips/handles, keypads/displays, diaphragms, seals) WIRE & CABLE: DIAGNOSTIC, IMAGING, LIFE SUPPORT, LABORATORY, & MONITORING EQUIPMENT (plug molding, heater cable insulation, flexible jacket, flexible cords, coil cords & cable) Wire and Cable Component Solution Needs: Materials compliant with UL, RoHS, REACH & WEEE, if needed Materials with good chemical, moisture & abrasion resistance Low smoke & non- halogen materials PVC Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) GEON Performance Solutions Geon™ Flexible PVC Inherent flame resistance; halogen-free; excellent chemical resistance; non-yellowing; proven safety record in wire and cable applications; high temperature grades available TPE, TPC-ET, TPU & POE Thermoplastic Polyester (TPE) Arkema Pebax® (TPE) Flexibility; chemical resistance; easy processing; abrasion resistance; low coefficient of friction Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomers (TPC-ET) DuPont™ Hytrel® (TPC-ET) REACH, RoHS and WEEE compliant; wide range of flexibility, stiffness, and processing options; 30D-82D; BPA-free; excellent flex fatigue and toughness; low temperature flexibility; good chemical resistance Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Covestro Texin® (TPU) RoHs, WEEE, and REACH compliant; excellent memory and recoil; abrasion resistance; Texin® Rx Series - medical grade Polyether TPU – 70A to 80D Polyolefin Elastomer (POE) Avient ECCOH™ Non-halogenated flame retardant; high flexibility; environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR); good electrical properties PA Polyamide (Nylon, PA) Arkema Rilsan® (PA) Chemical resistance; easy processing; abrasion resistance; low coefficient of friction; dimensional stability CUSTOM AVIENT SOLUTIONS FOR MEDICAL EQUIPMENT Custom Solution Needs Avient™ Custom Solutions Specialized materials to meet unique application requirements Avient Trilliant™ Healthcare products are a line of customized solutions specific for regulated medical devices; color branding expertise FDA-registered pre-colored resins and masterbatch options; color coding for safety and brand recognition Avient collaborates with key material suppliers to provide FDA-approved pre-colored resins Avient OnColor™ HC Plus offers customizable color masterbatch solutions pre-certified for biocompatibility using ISO 10993 and USP Class VI test protocol Reduced growth of microbes Avient WithStand™ additive technologies inhibit growth of microbes that often cause odor, staining and loss of mechanical properties AVIENT DISTRIBUTION Healthcare Supplier Line Card You face a unique set of challenges when designing parts for the healthcare industry.
Values reported as “typical” or stated without a range do not state minimum or maximum properties; consult your sales representative for property ranges and min/max specifications.
Processing conditions can cause material properties to shift from the values stated in the information.
https://www.avient.com/products/engineered-polymer-formulations/general-engineered-formulations/edgetek-engineered-polymer-formulations
Consumer electronics, automotive components, medical devices, 5G base stations
Chemically Resistant Polymers for Next Generation Devices
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2024-12/Terms and Conditions of Sale for Japan %28English and Japanese Translation%29.pdf
Seller is entitled to deliver the Products as stated in the order confirmation in partial shipments and to invoice accordingly.
Seller makes no promise or representation that the Product shall conform to Laws and Standards, unless expressly stated in Seller’s order confirmation or in the Specifications.
Buyer will sign a reasonable confidentiality agreement upon request and ensure its employees are bound by at least equally restrictive confidentiality obligations as those stated herein.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/resources/PolyOne%2520IR%2520Presentation%2520-%2520Jefferies%2520Conference%2520-%25208%253A7%253A2018.pdf
Investor Day POLYONE I N V E S T O R P R E S E N T A T I O N A U G U S T 2 0 1 8 FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS PolyOne Corporation 2 • • • • • • • • • USE OF NON-GAAP MEASURES PolyOne Corporation 3 • • • V I S I O N PolyOne Corporation 4 To be the world’s premier provider of specialized polymer materials, services and solutions C O R E V A L U E S P E R S O N A L V A L U E S Honesty IntegrityRespect Operational Excellence Commercial Excellence Specialization Globalization Collaboration ExcellenceInnovation To be the world’s premier provider of specialized polymer materials, services and solutions S A F E T Y F I R S T PolyOne Corporation 5 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.85 0.65 0.57 0.54 0.97 0.84 0.74 0.74 0.69 0.57 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 YTD Injuries per 100 Workers Spartech Acquisition PolyOne Corporation 6 P O L Y O N E 2 0 1 7 R E V E N U E | $ 3 . 2 B I L L I O N Transportation 18% Industrial 16% Consumer 12% Packaging 11% Healthcare 11% Wire & Cable 9% Appliance 5% United States 59% Europe 14% Asia 10% Latin America 9% Canada 8% PolyOne Distribution 34% Performance Products & Solutions 21% Specialty Engineered Materials 19% Color Additives & Inks 26% Segment End Market Geography Building & Construction 12% Electrical & Electronics 6% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* 2017* P R O O F O F P E R F O R M A N C E C O N S E C U T I V E Y E A R S PolyOne Corporation 7 8 $0.13 $0.68 $0.82 $1.00 $1.31 $1.80 $1.96 $2.06 $2.21 2006 2017 “Where we were” “Where we are” ROIC** 5.0% 14.0% Operating Income % of Sales Color, Additives & Inks 1.7% 15.5% Specialty Engineered Materials 1.1% 12.1% Performance Products & Solutions 4.3% 10.7% Distribution 2.6% 6.3% A D J U S T E D E P S E X P A N S I O N S U S T A I N A B L E P A T H T O D O U B L E - D I G I T E P S G R O W T H PolyOne Corporation 8 P E O P L E P R O D U C T S P L A N E T P E R F O R M A N C E Double digit annual EPS growth strategic acquisitions Innovate 600K-1M commercial resources 6-8% Double acquired margins Lean Six Sigma commercial excellence 531 689130 157 504 633 2014 Q2 2018 R&D / Technical Marketing Sales PolyOne Corporation 9 Increased commercial headcount + 28% + 18% + 23% Generating opportunities 35% 25% 1,000 $1.0B Enhancing efficiency 8% 20% I N V E S T M E N T I N COMMERCIAL RESOURCES D R I V I N G G R O W T H Lead Specialists T H E E V O L V I N G C U S T O M E R R E L A T I O N S H I P PolyOne Corporation 10 Expanded Path Traditional Path Strategic Accounts/ Field Sales Business Development Customer Service Web and Social Media Inside Sales PolyOne Corporation 11 Investments in digital and dedicated inside sales to improve customer experience 80% increase in leads (from 6,000 to 11,000) driven by website, phone, and online chat EXPANDED PATH A D D I N G C U S T O M E R T O U C H P O I N T S 4 21 2014 2017 Inside sellers $11M $88M 2014 2017 Inside sales/digital revenue N E W R E S O U R C E S F U E L I N G T H E F U T U R E PolyOne Corporation 12 P O L Y O N E S A L E S F U N N E L +34% 2014 $3.0 billion 2017 $4.0 billion A L I G N I N G W I T H T R E N D S F O R G R O W T H T R A N S P O R T A T I O N P A C K A G I N G H E A L T H C A R E C O N S U M E R PolyOne Corporation 13 Facilitate alternative energy solutions Light- weighting Reduce packaging materials Improve recyclability Reduce spread of infection I N N O V A T I O N PolyOne Corporation 14 Customization 55% M&A 30% Innovation Pipeline 15% Innovation comes from Research & Development Spend Vitality Index 12% 38% 2006 2017 $20 $52 2006 2017 Transformational Adjacent Core 3 H O R I Z O N S O F D E V E L O P M E N T PolyOne Corporation 15 Market Technical I N N O V A T I O N I N N O V A T I O N P I P E L I N E PolyOne Corporation 16 PrototypeFrame Opportunity Scale-up & Test Market Build Business Case Commercial Launch (since 2015) Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 8 5 6 2 1 15 4 10 5 11 4 5 7 Breakthrough Platform Derivative F L A M E R E T A R D A N T P O L Y M E R S A D V A N C E D C O M P O S I T E S B A R R I E R M A T E R I A L S C O L O R A N T T E C H N O L O G I E S T H E R M O P L A S T I C E L A S T O M E R S I N N O V A T I O N S P O T L I G H T : C O M P O S I T E S PolyOne Corporation 17 C O M P O S I T E S R E F R E S H E R PolyOne Corporation 18 Fiber Polymer Composite S T R A T E G I C I N V E S T M E N T H I S T O R Y Thermoplastic Composites Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics Continuous Fiber Thermosets Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics Continuous Fiber Thermosets 2012 2015 20162009 2011 2018 PolyOne Corporation 19 C O M P O S I T E S I N T R A N S P O R T A T I O N PolyOne Corporation 20 W A T E R C R A F TR A I L H E A V Y T R U C K PolyOne Corporation 21 Safety Technology Geography Service FinancialPeople 8-10% with ability to double I N V E S T - T O - G R O W M & A S T R A T E G Y PolyOne Corporation 22 Capture sourcing synergies Cross-sell & blend technology 8-10% operating margins I N V E S T - T O - G R O W M & A P L A Y B O O K Protect customers Retain employees Implement LSS to drive efficiency improvements Innovate with combined portfolio Safety First!
T H E N E W P O L Y O N E : A S P E C I A L T Y G R O W T H C O M P A N Y SERVICE: T H E T I M E L E S S D I F F E R E N T I A T O R PolyOne Corporation 29 T A L E N T D E V E L O P M E N T PolyOne Corporation 30 Leadership Program Participants 2012 2013 2014 2015 47 0 86 2016 2018 125 169 315 Campus Hires 2008 2011 2014 2017 0 25 90 47 PolyOne LSS Blackbelts 2008 2011 2014 2018 0 67 220 147 2018 141 A U N I Q U E C U S T O M E R E X P E R I E N C E Industrial Design IQ DESIGN LABS PolyOne Corporation 31 Material & Color Expertise Manufacturing Expertise 3 14 2014 2017 Industrial designers $0 $7M 2014 2017 $4M $40M 2014 2017 Opportunity funnel New business revenue LSS CUSTOMER FIRST PolyOne Corporation 32 Customer Projects 2014 2017 2 85 3 D P R I N T I N G B R I N G I N G N E W I D E A S T O L I F E PolyOne Corporation 33 PolyOne Corporation 34 M O N T H M O N T H M O N T H M O N T H M O N T H M O N T H 99.9% up to 24 weeks 6 hours C O L O R M A T R I X S E L E C T ™ I N N O V A T I N G W I T H P O L Y O N E PolyOne Corporation 35 SEGMENT HIGHLIGHTS C O L O R , A D D I T I V E S & I N K S E N D M A R K E T S & S O L U T I O N S PolyOne Corporation 36 Solid Colorants Performance Additives Screen Printing Inks Liquid Colorants Packaging 27% Industrial 14% Textiles 12% Building & Construction 10% Wire & Cable 10%Transportation 8% Consumer 7% Healthcare 6% Electrical & Electronics 3% Appliance 3% Operating Income & MarginRevenue by Region C O L O R , A D D I T I V E S & I N K S 2 0 1 7 R E V E N U E | $ 8 9 3 M I L L I O N $4 $25 $104 $139 0.9% 5.5% 12.2% 15.5% 2005 2009 2013 2017 PolyOne Corporation 37 Europe 32% United States 46% Asia 15% Canada 1% Mexico 4% Brazil 2% S P E C I A L T Y E N G I N E E R E D M A T E R I A L S E N D M A R K E T S & S O L U T I O N S PolyOne Corporation 38 Engineered Formulations Advanced Composites Thermoplastic Elastomers Consumer 20% Transportation 19% Wire & Cable 13% Healthcare 11% Industrial 8% Packaging 7% Appliance 4% Building & Construction 3% Electrical & Electronics 15% S P E C I A L T Y E N G I N E E R E D M A T E R I A L S Revenue by Region Operating Income & Margin 2 0 1 7 R E V E N U E | $ 6 2 4 M I L L I O N PolyOne Corporation 39 $21 $57 $76 0.1% 5.1% 9.3% 2005 2009 2013 2017 Europe 28% United States 48% Asia 22% Canada 2% 12.1% P E R F O R M A N C E P R O D U C T S & S O L U T I O N S E N D M A R K E T S & S O L U T I O N S PolyOne Corporation 40 Specialty Vinyl Solutions Healthcare Formulations Smart Device Materials Flame Retardant Polymers Building & Construction 30% Industrial 18% Transportation 16% Wire & Cable 15% Appliance 7% Packaging 5% Consumer 5% Electrical & Electronics 3% Healthcare 1% Asia 2% United States 77% Mexico 5% Canada 16% P E R F O R M A N C E P R O D U C T S & S O L U T I O N S Operating Income & MarginRevenue by Region 2 0 1 7 R E V E N U E | $ 7 2 1 M I L L I O N $40 $33 $56 $77 4.6% 3.6% 7.2% 10.7% 2005 2009 2013 2017 PolyOne Corporation 41 $886 $668 $773 $721Sales D I S T R I B U T I O N E N D M A R K E T S & S U P P L I E R S PolyOne Corporation 42 Transportation 23% Healthcare 22% Industrial 18% Consumer 15% Appliance 7% Electrical & Electronics 6% Building & Construction 4% Packaging 3% Wire & Cable 2% $20 $25 $63 $73 2.9% 4.0% 5.9% 6.3% 2005 2009 2013 2017 Operating Income & Margin2017 Revenue | $1.2 Billion http://www.polyone.com/Pages/VariationRoot.aspx T A R G E T E N D M A R K E T S & A P P L I C A T I O N E X A M P L E S PolyOne Corporation 43 Thermally Conductive Technologies Chemical Resistant Technologies Polymer Colorants Elastomeric Grips and Handles Structural Composites Antimicrobial Technologies Anti-Counterfeiting Technologies Target End Markets… Healthcare Catheter Technologies Under-hood Components Target End Markets… Automotive Interior Structural Components Sound & Vibration Management Roof Systems Air Management Electronics and Cameras Lighting Exterior / Interior Trim Braces & Brackets Fasteners Seals & Flaps Target End Markets… Consumer Thermally Conductive Components Polymer Colorants Elastomeric Grips and Handles Structural Composite Components Oxygen Scavenger Technologies Laser Marking Additives Antistatic Technologies UV Light Barrier Technologies Cap & Closure Colorants Process Optimization Technologies Antioxidant Technologies Density Modified Technologies Target End Markets… Packaging Luxury Packaging GravitechTM Density Modified Polymers Optimize Color Usage OnColorTM Super Concentrates Combat Bacteria Formation WithStandTM Antimicrobial Technology Medical Device Housings Chemically Resistant Engineered Polymers Color & Design Services Outdoor Applications Fiber Colorants Smart Home Devices ResilienceTM Vinyl Solutions � � �������� � � ��� � �� � ����� ����� ��� ��� ������ �� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� !"
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2021-10/microbial-susceptibility-of-various-polymers-and-evaluation.pdf
Other categories of antimicrobial applications within the plastics family include medical devices and technolo- gies for odor prevention and aesthetics preservation.
To reduce the incidence of device-associated infections, antimicrobial technologies have been utilized in a variety of ways ranging from bulk-imbedded additives to sur- face grafting techniques.[13,14] In particular, silver-based additive technologies are frequently explored for healthcare applications due to their favorable toxicological profiles and broader regulatory approvals, while silver nanoparticles with controlled, long-term release profiles continue to be a very active and promising area of biomedi- cal research.[15-19] In textile segments such as sports active- wear, biocides are used to prevent the growth of odor- causing bacteria from perspiration.[20,21] Additionally, high-end recreational products such as boats utilize bio- cides to preserve the aesthetics of PVC products used for seat covers since bacterial growth may lead to pink staining caused by specific bacterial metabolites.[22,23] With respect to the mechanism of action, many antimicrobial products work by attacking enzymes common to a variety of microbes, interfering with membrane transport processes (e.g., importing environmental copper into the cells) as well as interfering with iron metabolism pathways.[24,25] Herein, an assortment of both rigid and flexible resins/ compounds will be evaluated for susceptibility to determine whether particular resin chemistries or compounds are inherently vulnerable to microbial growth and subsequent degradation or other deleterious effects.
It should be noted that some property deviations may also be contributed in part by the carrier used to deliver the ZPT as well as experimental error.